The psychoanalytic and psycho-dynamic approach to kleptomania granted the basis for prolonged psychoanalytic or psycho-dynamic psychotherapy as the core treatment method for a number of years. Psychoanalysts define the condition as an indication of a defense mechanism deriving in the unconscious ego against anxiety, prohibited intuition or desires, unsettled struggle or forbidden sexual drives, dread of castration, sexual excitement, and sexual fulfillment and orgasm throughout the act of stealing. Psychodynamic theories depend on a variety of points of view in defining the disorder. A contemporary social approach proposes that kleptomania is an outcome of consumerism and the large quantity of commodities in society. Several explanations of the mechanics of kleptomania have been presented. Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic approach These have been replaced by cognitive-behavioral models, which supplement biological ones based mostly on pharmacotherapy treatment studies. Initial models of the development of kleptomania came from the field of psychoanalysis. There is a difference between ordinary theft and kleptomania: "ordinary theft (whether planned or impulsive) is deliberate and motivated by the usefulness of the object or its monetary worth," whereas with kleptomania, there "is the recurrent failure to resist impulses to steal items even though the items are not needed for personal use or for their monetary value." Cause The many types of other disorders frequently occurring along with kleptomania usually make clinical diagnosis uncertain. The characteristics of the behaviors associated with stealing could result in other problems as well, which include social segregation and substance use. These signs are considered to either cause or intensify general comorbid disorders. They also have great levels of stress, guilt, and remorse, and privacy issues accompanying the act of stealing. People diagnosed with kleptomania often have other types of disorders involving mood, anxiety, eating, impulse control, and drug use. These symptoms suggest that kleptomania could be regarded as an obsessive-compulsive type of disorder. Some of the fundamental components of kleptomania include recurring intrusive thoughts, impotence to resist the compulsion to engage in stealing, and the release of internal pressure following the act. However, there have also been reports of kleptomania induced by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Pharmacological treatments using selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), mood stabilizers and opioid receptor antagonists, and other antidepressants along with cognitive behavioral therapy, have yielded positive results. Over the last 100 years, a shift from psychotherapeutic to psychopharmacological interventions for kleptomania has occurred. Patients with kleptomania are typically treated with therapies in other areas due to the comorbid grievances rather than issues directly related to kleptomania. The disorder is frequently under-diagnosed and is regularly associated with other psychiatric disorders, particularly anxiety, eating disorders, alcohol and substance use. Some of the main characteristics of the disorder suggest that kleptomania could be an obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder, but also share similarities with addictive and mood disorders. First described in 1816, kleptomania is classified in psychiatry as an impulse control disorder. Kleptomania ( Greek: Κλεπτομανία) is the inability to resist the urge to steal items, usually for reasons other than personal use or financial gain. Portrait of a Kleptomaniac by Théodore Géricault
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